In order to ensure national energy security, the State Oil Reserve Center was established in 2007 with the approval of the State Council, marking the official launch of the three-level management system for China's oil reserves. According to the plan, after the completion of the oil reserve base, it will reserve 68 million tons of crude oil, and the reserve will mainly come from imports. On May 29, 2008, the first national oil reserve base in China, the Zhenhai National Petroleum Reserve Base, passed the national acceptance and began its oil reserve.
The public often equates oil reserves with energy security. In fact, the oil reserves are only narrowly defined as energy security. In order for the public to further understand energy security, it is necessary to clarify the basic meaning of national energy security.
The issue of energy security has been known since the first oil crisis in 1973 and has become a worldwide problem due to the price of oil. The fourth Middle East war that broke out in the early 1970s led to oil shortages and skyrocketing oil prices, triggering the worst global economic crisis since the Second World War. The International Energy Agency (IEA) was established in 1974. For the first time, the concept of “National Energy Securityâ€, centering on stable crude oil supply and prices, was officially proposed.
After the mid-1980s, with the acceleration of globalization, rapid growth in energy demand and prices, and growing concern over environmental issues, the national energy security can no longer simply consider energy supply. It also includes ecological and sustainable development. Development strategies and other issues of concern. The new national energy security concerns are increasingly becoming an important part of national energy security strategies, and the concept of energy security has been updated.
Therefore, China's energy security is also a matter of sustainable development. China's energy security can be defined as the stability of energy supply that meets the needs of economic development at a reasonable price, and the safety of energy use that poses no threat to the environment for human survival and development. This definition includes the significance of sustainable development and the need for energy conservation and emission reduction.
Corresponding China's energy security framework should generally reflect the interdependence and mutual restraint between energy, environment, population, socio-economic development goals and energy security, as well as management decisions. Due to China's large population base and small per capita energy resources, the rapid economic and social development of energy demand will continue to increase substantially. The uneven distribution of energy resources in the world and the complex and changeable factors that affect the stable supply of energy have brought tremendous pressure on the protection of China's energy supply. If China does not improve the efficiency of energy extraction and utilization, the continuously decreasing environmental quality and stock of natural resources will affect its own development and the welfare of future generations.
The change in China's energy security connotation requires a shift from a non-renewable resource issue to a multiple energy structure in the development and use of energy; the gradual change in the energy mix will focus on coal and oil, increase natural gas, hydropower, nuclear power, and other new sources of energy to form multiple The consumption structure. According to scientific and technological progress and environmental protection requirements, the proportion of new energy and renewable energy in the energy structure will be increased.
Second, China's energy security must not only consider "quantity", but also must focus on "quality", that is, to increase energy extraction and use efficiency in light of energy scarcity and environmental pollution. The growing scarcity of energy resources and environmental issues shows that national energy security cannot be just a balance in maintaining energy supply and demand. Economic growth requires energy. However, once total demand reaches a certain level, rapid demand growth leads to an increase in energy scarcity expectations and boosts energy prices. Simply maintaining energy supply and demand balance cannot guarantee reasonable energy prices and environmental pollution. Therefore, energy security requires improving the efficiency of energy extraction and utilization and protecting the environment as much as possible, including the meaning of energy conservation and emission reduction.
The specific policy features are first and foremost the transformation of the energy industry from a "plan" to a "market." This is the key to improving energy efficiency. Gradually take the path of energy market pricing and break the monopoly of energy companies. This shift requires the government to establish a "market-based, administrative-assisted" energy market mechanism. Energy companies have a modern management system and business model. The difficulties and challenges faced include improving energy market pricing, energy industry competitiveness, and establishing financing channels.
Second, energy security considerations have changed from domestic to international. In the long run, China has a large population, low per capita energy resources, and rapid economic development. The future shortage of energy supply seems to be difficult to avoid. Domestic energy production alone cannot guarantee energy security. Energy “going out†and international energy management are necessary choices. Economic globalization must have energy globalization. Improving domestic energy efficiency is the basic guarantee for energy security supply. Long-term energy security needs to be based in China. Now it is necessary to start purchasing foreign energy or exchange for share energy through technical services.
The new energy security concept puts forward new requirements. The new concept makes energy security more complex and involves a wide range of systemic issues. The new concept is gradually being accepted by people, and the related research has expanded rapidly. A more comprehensive energy security assessment model is the premise and foundation of the scientific energy security concept.
For example, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has proposed an energy security evaluation framework that reflects sustainable development, namely the “Pressure-State-Response†(PSR) model, which provides a comprehensive assessment of energy security. This model is a method of constructing an evaluation index system from the perspective of the indicator generation mechanism to describe the regulatory process and mechanism of sustainable development. The main purpose is to explain what happened, why it occurred, and how to deal with these three issues.
“Pressure†in the framework of energy security assessment refers to activities that cause unsustainable economic activities, including production and consumption patterns, and “negative effects†on sustainable development, such as depletion of energy resources and environmental pollution; “state†reflects The basic state of sustainable development; the "response" process refers to the effective countermeasures adopted in the process of promoting sustainable development. "PSR" briefly and conceptually reveals the entire process of energy security evaluation. The use of the PSR conceptual framework construction method and ideas, combined with the characteristics of China's energy security, will help explain the interaction processes and the resulting outcomes of various factors affecting China's energy security, and thus determine the policies and strategies for ensuring energy security.
At present, China's increasingly severe energy and environmental issues pose challenges to energy security research and management decisions. First of all, it is necessary to make relatively accurate judgments and evaluations of the state of the energy environment and the development potential of energy resources, the state of energy supply and demand, energy policies, the level of scientific and technological development, and socio-economic conditions. Then, in accordance with the objectives of objective socio-economic sustainable development, formulate policies for achieving optimal energy allocation and taking into account intergenerational equity and international fairness in energy development and utilization and environmental protection. In the end, it is necessary to dynamically monitor and assess the state of energy security and track the implementation of energy policies so as to timely adjust energy management policies to ensure energy security and sustainable economic development.
The public often equates oil reserves with energy security. In fact, the oil reserves are only narrowly defined as energy security. In order for the public to further understand energy security, it is necessary to clarify the basic meaning of national energy security.
The issue of energy security has been known since the first oil crisis in 1973 and has become a worldwide problem due to the price of oil. The fourth Middle East war that broke out in the early 1970s led to oil shortages and skyrocketing oil prices, triggering the worst global economic crisis since the Second World War. The International Energy Agency (IEA) was established in 1974. For the first time, the concept of “National Energy Securityâ€, centering on stable crude oil supply and prices, was officially proposed.
After the mid-1980s, with the acceleration of globalization, rapid growth in energy demand and prices, and growing concern over environmental issues, the national energy security can no longer simply consider energy supply. It also includes ecological and sustainable development. Development strategies and other issues of concern. The new national energy security concerns are increasingly becoming an important part of national energy security strategies, and the concept of energy security has been updated.
Therefore, China's energy security is also a matter of sustainable development. China's energy security can be defined as the stability of energy supply that meets the needs of economic development at a reasonable price, and the safety of energy use that poses no threat to the environment for human survival and development. This definition includes the significance of sustainable development and the need for energy conservation and emission reduction.
Corresponding China's energy security framework should generally reflect the interdependence and mutual restraint between energy, environment, population, socio-economic development goals and energy security, as well as management decisions. Due to China's large population base and small per capita energy resources, the rapid economic and social development of energy demand will continue to increase substantially. The uneven distribution of energy resources in the world and the complex and changeable factors that affect the stable supply of energy have brought tremendous pressure on the protection of China's energy supply. If China does not improve the efficiency of energy extraction and utilization, the continuously decreasing environmental quality and stock of natural resources will affect its own development and the welfare of future generations.
The change in China's energy security connotation requires a shift from a non-renewable resource issue to a multiple energy structure in the development and use of energy; the gradual change in the energy mix will focus on coal and oil, increase natural gas, hydropower, nuclear power, and other new sources of energy to form multiple The consumption structure. According to scientific and technological progress and environmental protection requirements, the proportion of new energy and renewable energy in the energy structure will be increased.
Second, China's energy security must not only consider "quantity", but also must focus on "quality", that is, to increase energy extraction and use efficiency in light of energy scarcity and environmental pollution. The growing scarcity of energy resources and environmental issues shows that national energy security cannot be just a balance in maintaining energy supply and demand. Economic growth requires energy. However, once total demand reaches a certain level, rapid demand growth leads to an increase in energy scarcity expectations and boosts energy prices. Simply maintaining energy supply and demand balance cannot guarantee reasonable energy prices and environmental pollution. Therefore, energy security requires improving the efficiency of energy extraction and utilization and protecting the environment as much as possible, including the meaning of energy conservation and emission reduction.
The specific policy features are first and foremost the transformation of the energy industry from a "plan" to a "market." This is the key to improving energy efficiency. Gradually take the path of energy market pricing and break the monopoly of energy companies. This shift requires the government to establish a "market-based, administrative-assisted" energy market mechanism. Energy companies have a modern management system and business model. The difficulties and challenges faced include improving energy market pricing, energy industry competitiveness, and establishing financing channels.
Second, energy security considerations have changed from domestic to international. In the long run, China has a large population, low per capita energy resources, and rapid economic development. The future shortage of energy supply seems to be difficult to avoid. Domestic energy production alone cannot guarantee energy security. Energy “going out†and international energy management are necessary choices. Economic globalization must have energy globalization. Improving domestic energy efficiency is the basic guarantee for energy security supply. Long-term energy security needs to be based in China. Now it is necessary to start purchasing foreign energy or exchange for share energy through technical services.
The new energy security concept puts forward new requirements. The new concept makes energy security more complex and involves a wide range of systemic issues. The new concept is gradually being accepted by people, and the related research has expanded rapidly. A more comprehensive energy security assessment model is the premise and foundation of the scientific energy security concept.
For example, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has proposed an energy security evaluation framework that reflects sustainable development, namely the “Pressure-State-Response†(PSR) model, which provides a comprehensive assessment of energy security. This model is a method of constructing an evaluation index system from the perspective of the indicator generation mechanism to describe the regulatory process and mechanism of sustainable development. The main purpose is to explain what happened, why it occurred, and how to deal with these three issues.
“Pressure†in the framework of energy security assessment refers to activities that cause unsustainable economic activities, including production and consumption patterns, and “negative effects†on sustainable development, such as depletion of energy resources and environmental pollution; “state†reflects The basic state of sustainable development; the "response" process refers to the effective countermeasures adopted in the process of promoting sustainable development. "PSR" briefly and conceptually reveals the entire process of energy security evaluation. The use of the PSR conceptual framework construction method and ideas, combined with the characteristics of China's energy security, will help explain the interaction processes and the resulting outcomes of various factors affecting China's energy security, and thus determine the policies and strategies for ensuring energy security.
At present, China's increasingly severe energy and environmental issues pose challenges to energy security research and management decisions. First of all, it is necessary to make relatively accurate judgments and evaluations of the state of the energy environment and the development potential of energy resources, the state of energy supply and demand, energy policies, the level of scientific and technological development, and socio-economic conditions. Then, in accordance with the objectives of objective socio-economic sustainable development, formulate policies for achieving optimal energy allocation and taking into account intergenerational equity and international fairness in energy development and utilization and environmental protection. In the end, it is necessary to dynamically monitor and assess the state of energy security and track the implementation of energy policies so as to timely adjust energy management policies to ensure energy security and sustainable economic development.
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